Cloud Computing

AWS Terminology & Acronyms | Glossary Architecture

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Numbers and symbols

A method that enables a client to see if a server can accept a request before actually sending it. For large PUT requests, this method can save both time and bandwidth charges.

A

AAD

See additional authenticated data.

Access Analyzer

A feature of AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) that helps you identify the resources in your organization and accounts, such as Amazon S3 buckets or IAM roles, that are shared with an external entity.

access control list (ACL)

A document that defines who can access a particular bucket or object. Each bucket and object in Amazon S3 has an ACL. The document defines what each type of user can do, such as write and read permissions.

access identifiers

See credentials.

access key

The combination of an access key ID (like AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE) and a secret access key (like wJalrXUtnFEMI/K7MDENG/bPxRfiCYEXAMPLEKEY). You use access keys to sign API requests that you make to AWS.

access key ID

A unique identifier that’s associated with a secret access key; the access key ID and secret access key are used together to sign programmatic AWS requests cryptographically.

access key rotation

A method to increase security by changing the AWS access key ID. This method enables you to retire an old key at your discretion.

access policy language

A language for writing documents (that is, policies) that specify who can access a particular AWS resource and under what conditions.

account

A formal relationship with AWS that is associated with all of the following:

The owner email address and password
The control of resources created under its umbrella
Payment for the AWS activity related to those resources

The AWS account has permission to do anything and everything with all the AWS account resources. This is in contrast to a user, which is an entity contained within the account.

account activity

A webpage showing your month-to-date AWS usage and costs. The account activity page is located at https://aws.amazon.com/account-activity/.

ACL

See access control list (ACL).

ACM

See AWS Certificate Manager (ACM).

ACM PCA

See AWS Certificate Manager Private Certificate Authority (ACM PCA).

ACM Private CA

See AWS Certificate Manager Private Certificate Authority (ACM PCA).

action

An API function. Also called operation or call. The activity the principal has permission to perform. The action is B in the statement “A has permission to do B to C where D applies.” For example, Jane sends a request to Amazon SQS with Action=ReceiveMessage.

Amazon CloudWatch: The response initiated by the change in an alarm’s state: for example, from OK to ALARM. The state change may be triggered by a metric reaching the alarm threshold, or by a SetAlarmState request. Each alarm can have one or more actions assigned to each state. Actions are performed once each time the alarm changes to a state that has an action assigned, such as an Amazon Simple Notification Service notification, an Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling policy execution or an Amazon EC2 instance stop/terminate action.

active trusted key groups

A list showing each of the trusted key groups, and the IDs of the public keys in each key group, that are active for a distribution in Amazon CloudFront. CloudFront can use the public keys in these key groups to verify the signatures of CloudFront signed URLs and signed cookies.

active trusted signers

See active trusted key groups.additional authenticated data

Information that is checked for integrity but not encrypted, such as headers or other contextual metadata.administrative suspension

Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling might suspend processes for Auto Scaling group that repeatedly fail to launch instances. Auto Scaling groups that most commonly experience administrative suspension have zero running instances, have been trying to launch instances for more than 24 hours, and have not succeeded in that time.

alarm

An item that watches a single metric over a specified time period and triggers an Amazon SNS topic or an Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling policy if the value of the metric crosses a threshold value over a predetermined number of time periods.

allow

One of two possible outcomes (the other is deny) when an IAM access policy is evaluated. When a user makes a request to AWS, AWS evaluates the request based on all permissions that apply to the user and then returns either allow or deny.

Amazon API Gateway

A fully managed service that makes it easy for developers to create, publish, maintain, monitor, and secure APIs at any scale.

Amazon AppStream 2.0

A fully managed, secure service for streaming desktop applications to users without rewriting those applications.

Amazon Athena

An interactive query service that makes it easy to analyze data in Amazon S3 using ANSI SQL. Athena is serverless, so there is no infrastructure to manage. Athena scales automatically and is simple to use, so you can start analyzing your datasets within seconds.

Amazon Aurora

A fully managed MySQL-compatible relational database engine that combines the speed and availability of commercial databases with the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of open-source databases.

Amazon Chime

A secure, real-time, unified communications service that transforms meetings by making them more efficient and easier to conduct.

B

basic monitoring

Monitoring of AWS provided metrics derived at a 5-minute frequency.batch

See document batch.

BGP ASN

Border Gateway Protocol Autonomous System Number. A unique identifier for a network, for use in BGP routing. Amazon EC2 supports all 2-byte ASN numbers in the range of 1 – 65335, with the exception of 7224, which is reserved.

batch prediction

Amazon Machine Learning: An operation that processes multiple input data observations at one time (asynchronously). Unlike real-time predictions, batch predictions are not available until all predictions have been processed.

C

cache cluster

A logical cache distributed over multiple cache nodes. A cache cluster can be set up with a specific number of cache nodes.

cache cluster identifier

Customer-supplied identifier for the cache cluster that must be unique for that customer in an AWS Region.

cache engine version

The version of the Memcached service that is running on the cache node.cache node

A fixed-size chunk of secure, network-attached RAM. Each cache node runs an instance of the Memcached service, and has its own DNS name and port. Multiple types of cache nodes are supported, each with varying amounts of associated memory.

cache node type

An EC2 instance type used to run the cache node.cache parameter group

A container for cache engine parameter values that can be applied to one or more cache clusters.

cache security group

A group maintained by ElastiCache that combines inbound authorizations to cache nodes for hosts belonging to Amazon EC2 security groups specified through the console or the API or command line tools.

campaign

Amazon Personalize: A deployed solution version (trained model) with provisioned dedicated transaction capacity for creating real-time recommendations for your application users. After you create a campaign, you use the getRecommendations or getPersonalizedRanking personalization operations to get recommendations.

See also recommendations.

See also solution version.

canned access policy

A standard access control policy that you can apply to a bucket or object. Options include: private, public-read, public-read-write, and authenticated-read.

canonicalization

The process of converting data into a standard format that a service such as Amazon S3 can recognize.

capacity

The amount of available compute size at a given time. Each Auto Scaling group is defined with a minimum and maximum compute size. A scaling activity increases or decreases the capacity within the defined minimum and maximum values.

Cartesian product processor

A processor that calculates a Cartesian product. Also known as a Cartesian data processor.

Cartesian product

A mathematical operation that returns a product from multiple sets.CDN

See content delivery network (CDN).

certificate

A credential that some AWS products use to authenticate AWS accounts and users. Also known as an X.509 certificate . The certificate is paired with a private key.

chargeable resources

Features or services whose use incurs fees. Although some AWS products are free, others include charges. For example, in an AWS CloudFormation stack, AWS resources that have been created incur charges. The amount charged depends on the usage load. Use the Amazon Web Services Simple Monthly Calculator to estimate your cost prior to creating instances, stacks, or other resources.

CIDR block

Classless Inter-Domain Routing. An internet protocol address allocation and route aggregation methodology.

See also Classless Inter-Domain Routing in Wikipedia.

ciphertext

Information that has been encrypted, as opposed to plaintext, which is information that has not.

ClassicLink

A feature for linking an EC2-Classic instance to a VPC, allowing your EC2-Classic instance to communicate with VPC instances using private IP addresses.

See also eventual consistency.

console

See AWS Management Console.

consolidated billing

A feature of the AWS Organizations service for consolidating payment for multiple AWS accounts. You create an organization that contains your AWS accounts, and you use the management account of your organization to pay for all member accounts. You can see a combined view of AWS costs that are incurred by all accounts in your organization, and you can get detailed cost reports for individual accounts.

container

A Linux container that was created from a Docker image as part of a task.

container definition

Specifies which Docker image to use for a container, how much CPU and memory the container is allocated, and more options. The container definition is included as part of a task definition.

container instance

An EC2 instance that is running the Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS) agent and has been registered into a cluster. Amazon ECS tasks are placed on active container instances.container registry

Stores, manages, and deploys Docker images.content delivery network (CDN)

A web service that speeds up distribution of your static and dynamic web content—such as .html, .css, .js, media files, and image files—to your users by using a worldwide network of data centers. When a user requests your content, the request is routed to the data center that provides the lowest latency (time delay). If the content is already in the location with the lowest latency, the CDN delivers it immediately. If not, the CDN retrieves it from an origin that you specify (for example, a web server or an Amazon S3 bucket). With some CDNs, you can help secure your content by configuring an HTTPS connection between users and data centers, and between data centers and your origin. Amazon CloudFront is an example of a CDN.contextual metatdata

Amazon Personalize: Interactions data that you collect about a user’s browsing context (such as device used or location) when an event (such as a click) occurs. Contextual metadata can improve recommendation relevance for new and existing users.

See also Interactions dataset.

See also metrics.

See also Interactions dataset.

D

See service health dashboard.

data consistency

A concept that describes when data is written or updated successfully and all copies of the data are updated in all AWS Regions. However, it takes time for the data to propagate to all storage locations. To support varied application requirements, Amazon DynamoDB supports both eventually consistent and strongly consistent reads.

See also eventual consistency.

See also Interactions dataset.

See also dataset.

See also campaign.

datasource

Amazon Machine Learning: An object that contains metadata about the input data. Amazon ML reads the input data, computes descriptive statistics on its attributes, and stores the statistics—along with a schema and other information—as part of the datasource object. Amazon ML uses datasources to train and evaluate a machine learning model and generate batch predictions.

E

EBS

See Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS).

EC2

See Amazon EC2.

EC2 compute unit (ECU)

An AWS standard for compute CPU and memory. You can use this measure to evaluate the CPU capacity of different EC2 instance types.

EC2 instance

A compute instance in the Amazon EC2 service. Other AWS services use the term EC2 instance to distinguish these instances from other types of instances they support.

ECR

See Amazon Elastic Container Registry (Amazon ECR).

ECS

See Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS).

edge location

A data center that an AWS service uses to perform service-specific operations. For example, CloudFront uses edge locations to cache copies of your content, so the content is closer to your users and can be delivered faster regardless of their location. Route 53 uses edge locations to speed up the response to public DNS queries.

EFS

See Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS).

Elastic

A company that provides open-source solutions—including Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana, and Beats—that are designed to take data from any source and search, analyze, and visualize it in real time.

Amazon Elasticsearch Service (Amazon ES) is an AWS managed service for deploying, operating, and scaling Elasticsearch in the AWS Cloud.

See also dataset.

See also Interactions dataset.event tracker

Amazon Personalize: Specifies a destination dataset group for event data that you record in real time. When you record events in real time, you provide the ID of the event tracker so that Amazon Personalize knows where to add the data.

See also eventual consistency.

See also recommendations.

See also Interactions dataset.

See also impressions data.

F

facet

Amazon CloudSearch: An index field that represents a category that you want to use to refine and filter search results.

facet enabled

Amazon CloudSearch: An index field option that enables facet information to be calculated for the field.

FBL

See feedback loop (FBL).

feature transformation

Amazon Machine Learning: The machine learning process of constructing more predictive input representations or “features” from the raw input variables to optimize a machine learning model’s ability to learn and generalize. Also known as data transformation or feature engineering.federated identity management (FIM)

Allows individuals to sign in to different networks or services, using the same group or personal credentials to access data across all networks. With identity federation in AWS, external identities (federated users) are granted secure access to resources in an AWS account without having to create IAM users. These external identities can come from a corporate identity store (such as LDAP or Windows Active Directory) or from a third party (such as Login with Amazon, Facebook, or Google). AWS federation also supports SAML 2.0.

federated user

See federated identity management (FIM).

federation

See federated identity management (FIM).

feedback loop (FBL)

The mechanism by which a mailbox provider (for example, an internet service provider (ISP)) forwards a recipient‘s complaint back to the sender.

field weight

The relative importance of a text field in a search index. Field weights control how much matches in particular text fields affect a document’s relevance score.

filter

A criterion that you specify to limit the results when you list or describe your Amazon EC2 resources.

filter query

A way to filter search results without affecting how the results are scored and sorted. Specified with the Amazon CloudSearch fq parameter.

FIM

See federated identity management (FIM).

Firehose

See Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose.

format version

See template format version.

forums

See discussion forums.

function

See intrinsic function.

fuzzy search

A simple search query that uses approximate string matching (fuzzy matching) to correct for typographical errors and misspellings.

G

A search query that uses locations specified as a latitude and longitude to determine matches and sort the results.gibibyte (GiB)

A contraction of giga binary byte, a gibibyte is 2^30 or 1,073,741,824 bytes. A gigabyte (GB) is 10^9 or 1,000,000,000 bytes. 1,024 GiB is a tebibyte (TiB).

GitHub

A web-based repository that uses Git for version control.global secondary index

An index with a partition key and a sort key that can be different from those on the table. A global secondary index is considered global because queries on the index can span all of the data in a table, across all partitions.

H

Hadoop

Software that enables distributed processing for big data by using clusters and simple programming models. For more information, see http://hadoop.apache.org.

hard bounce

A persistent email delivery failure such as “mailbox does not exist.”

hardware VPN

A hardware-based IPsec VPN connection over the internet.

health check

A system call to check on the health status of each instance in an Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling group.

high-quality email

Email that recipients find valuable and want to receive. Value means different things to different recipients and can come in the form of offers, order confirmations, receipts, newsletters, etc.

highlights

Amazon CloudSearch: Excerpts returned with search results that show where the search terms appear within the text of the matching documents.

highlight enabled

Amazon CloudSearch: An index field option that enables matches within the field to be highlighted.

hit

A document that matches the criteria specified in a search request. Also referred to as a search result.

HMAC

Hash-based Message Authentication Code. A specific construction for calculating a message authentication code (MAC) involving a cryptographic hash function in combination with a secret key. You can use it to verify both the data integrity and the authenticity of a message at the same time. AWS calculates the HMAC using a standard, cryptographic hash algorithm, such as SHA-256.

hosted zone

A collection of resource record sets that Amazon Route 53 hosts. Like a traditional DNS zone file, a hosted zone represents a collection of records that are managed together under a single domain name.

HRNN

Amazon Personalize: A hierarchical recurrent neural network machine learning algorithm that models changes in user behavior and predicts the items that a user might interact with in personal recommendation applications.

HTTP-Query

See Query.

HVM virtualization

Hardware Virtual Machine virtualization. Allows the guest VM to run as though it is on a native hardware platform, except that it still uses paravirtual (PV) network and storage drivers for improved performance.

I

IAM

See AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM).

IAM group

See group.

IAM policy simulator

See policy simulator.

IAM role

See role.

IAM user

See user.

Identity and Access Management

See AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM).

identity provider (IdP)

An IAM entity that holds metadata about external identity providers.

IdP

See identity provider (IdP) .

image

See Amazon Machine Image (AMI).

import/export station

A machine that uploads or downloads your data to or from Amazon S3.import log

A report that contains details about how AWS Import/Export processed your data.

implicit impressions

Amazon Personalize: The recommendations that your application shows a user. Unlike explicit impressions, where you manually record each impression, Amazon Personalize automatically derives implicit impressions from your recommendation data.

See also recommendations.

See also impressions data.

See also dataset.

See also impressions data.

See also recommendations.

See also campaign.

See also solution version.

See also recipe.

See also Interactions dataset.

Items dataset

Amazon Personalize: A container for metadata about items, such as price, genre, or availability.

See also dataset.

J

job flow

Amazon EMR: One or more steps that specify all of the functions to be performed on the data.

job ID

A five-character, alphanumeric string that uniquely identifies an AWS Import/Export storage device in your shipment. AWS issues the job ID in response to a CREATE JOB email command.

job prefix

An optional string that you can add to the beginning of an AWS Import/Export log file name to prevent collisions with objects of the same name.

K

key

A credential that identifies an AWS account or user to AWS (such as the AWS secret access key).

Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3), Amazon EMR: The unique identifier for an object in a bucket. Every object in a bucket has exactly one key. Because a bucket and key together uniquely identify each object, you can think of Amazon S3 as a basic data map between the bucket + key, and the object itself. You can uniquely address every object in Amazon S3 through the combination of the web service endpoint, bucket name, and key, as in this example: http://doc.s3.amazonaws.com/2006-03-01/AmazonS3.wsdl, where doc is the name of the bucket, and 2006-03-01/AmazonS3.wsdl is the key.

AWS Import/Export: The name of an object in Amazon S3. It is a sequence of Unicode characters whose UTF-8 encoding cannot exceed 1024 bytes. If a key, for example, logPrefix + import-log-JOBID, is longer than 1024 bytes, AWS Elastic Beanstalk returns an InvalidManifestField error.

IAM: In a policy, a specific characteristic that is the basis for restricting access (such as the current time, or the IP address of the requester).

Tagging resources: A general tag label that acts like a category for more specific tag values. For example, you might have EC2 instance with the tag key of Owner and the tag value of Jan. You can tag an AWS resource with up to 10 key–value pairs. Not all AWS resources can be tagged.

key pair

A set of security credentials that you use to prove your identity electronically. A key pair consists of a private key and a public key.

key prefix

A logical grouping of the objects in a bucket. The prefix value is similar to a directory name that enables you to store similar data under the same directory in a bucket.

kibibyte (KiB)

A contraction of kilo binary byte, a kibibyte is 2^10 or 1,024 bytes. A kilobyte (KB) is 10^3 or 1,000 bytes. 1,024 KiB is a mebibyte (MiB).

KMS

See AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS).

L

labeled data

In machine learning, data for which you already know the target or “correct” answer.launch configuration

A set of descriptive parameters used to create new EC2 instances in an Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling activity.

A template that an Auto Scaling group uses to launch new EC2 instances. The launch configuration contains information such as the Amazon Machine Image (AMI) ID, the instance type, key pairs, security groups, and block device mappings, among other configuration settings.

launch permission

An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) attribute that allows users to launch an AMI.

lifecycle

The lifecycle state of the EC2 instance contained in an Auto Scaling group. EC2 instances progress through several states over their lifespan; these include Pending, InService, Terminating and Terminated.lifecycle action

An action that can be paused by Auto Scaling, such as launching or terminating an EC2 instance.

lifecycle hook

Enables you to pause Auto Scaling after it launches or terminates an EC2 instance so that you can perform a custom action while the instance is not in service.

link to VPC

The process of linking (or attaching) an EC2-Classic instance to a ClassicLink-enabled VPC.

M

Mail Transfer Agent (MTA)

Software that transports email messages from one computer to another by using a client-server architecture.

mailbox provider

An organization that provides email mailbox hosting services. Mailbox providers are sometimes referred to as internet service provider (ISP)s, even if they only provide mailbox services.

mailbox simulator

A set of email addresses that you can use to test an Amazon SES-based email sending application without sending messages to actual recipients. Each email address represents a specific scenario (such as a bounce or complaint) and generates a typical response that is specific to the scenario.

main route table

The default route table that any new VPC subnet uses for routing. You can associate a subnet with a different route table of your choice. You can also change which route table is the main route table.

managed policy

A standalone IAM policy that you can attach to multiple users, groups, and roles in your IAM account. Managed policies can either be AWS managed policies (which are created and managed by AWS) or customer managed policies (which you create and manage in your AWS account).

manifest

When sending a create job request for an import or export operation, you describe your job in a text file called a manifest. The manifest file is a YAML-formatted file that specifies how to transfer data between your storage device and the AWS Cloud.

manifest file

Amazon Machine Learning: The file used for describing batch predictions. The manifest file relates each input data file with its associated batch prediction results. It is stored in the Amazon S3 output location.

mapping

A way to add conditional parameter values to an AWS CloudFormation template. You specify mappings in the template’s optional Mappings section and retrieve the desired value using the FN::FindInMap function.

marker

See pagination token.

master node

A process running on an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) that keeps track of the work its core and task nodes complete.

maximum price

The maximum price you will pay to launch one or more Spot Instances. If your maximum price exceeds the current Spot price and your restrictions are met, Amazon EC2 launches instances on your behalf.maximum send rate

The maximum number of email messages that you can send per second using Amazon SES.

mean reciprocal rank at 25

Amazon Personalize: An evaluation metric that assesses the relevance of a model’s highest ranked recommendation. Amazon Personalize calculates this metric using the average accuracy of the model when ranking the most relevant recommendation out of the top 25 recommendations over all requests for recommendations.

See also metrics.

See also recipe.

metric name

The primary identifier of a metric, used in combination with a namespace and optional dimensions.

MFA

See multi-factor authentication (MFA).

micro instance

A type of EC2 instance that is more economical to use if you have occasional bursts of high CPU activity.MIME

See Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME).

ML model

In machine learning (ML), a mathematical model that generates predictions by finding patterns in data. Amazon Machine Learning supports three types of ML models: binary classification, multiclass classification, and regression. Also known as a predictive model.

N

An abstract container that provides context for the items (names, or technical terms, or words) it holds, and allows disambiguation of homonym items residing in different namespaces.

NAT

Network address translation. A strategy of mapping one or more IP addresses to another while data packets are in transit across a traffic routing device. This is commonly used to restrict internet communication to private instances while allowing outgoing traffic.

See also metrics.

See also recommendations.

NoSQL

Nonrelational database systems that are highly available, scalable, and optimized for high performance. Instead of the relational model, NoSQL databases (like Amazon DynamoDB) use alternate models for data management, such as key–value pairs or document storage.

null object

A null object is one whose version ID is null. Amazon S3 adds a null object to a bucket when versioning for that bucket is suspended. It is possible to have only one null object for each key in a bucket.

number of passes

The number of times that you allow Amazon Machine Learning to use the same data records to train a machine learning model.

O

object

Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3): The fundamental entity type stored in Amazon S3. Objects consist of object data and metadata. The data portion is opaque to Amazon S3.

Amazon CloudFront: Any entity that can be served either over HTTP or a version of RTMP.

observation

Amazon Machine Learning: A single instance of data that Amazon Machine Learning (Amazon ML) uses to either train a machine learning model how to predict or to generate a prediction. Each row in an Amazon ML input data file is an observation.

On-Demand Instance

An Amazon EC2 pricing option that charges you for compute capacity by the hour or second (minimum of 60 seconds) with no long-term commitment.

operation

An API function. Also called an action.

optimistic locking

A strategy to ensure that an item that you want to update has not been modified by others before you perform the update. For Amazon DynamoDB, optimistic locking support is provided by the AWS SDKs.organization

AWS Organizations: An entity that you create to consolidate and manage your AWS accounts. An organization has one management account along with zero or more member accounts.

organizational unit

AWS Organizations: A container for accounts within a root of an organization. An organizational unit (OU) can contain other OUs.

origin access identity

Also called OAI. When using Amazon CloudFront to serve content with an Amazon S3 bucket as the origin, a virtual identity that you use to require users to access your content through CloudFront URLs instead of Amazon S3 URLs. Usually used with CloudFront private content.

origin server

The Amazon S3 bucket or custom origin containing the definitive original version of the content you deliver through CloudFront.

original environment

The instances in a deployment group at the start of an CodeDeploy blue/green deployment.

OSB transformation

Orthogonal sparse bigram transformation. In machine learning, a transformation that aids in text string analysis and that is an alternative to the n-gram transformation. OSB transformations are generated by sliding the window of size n words over the text, and outputting every pair of words that includes the first word in the window.

P

pagination

The process of responding to an API request by returning a large list of records in small separate parts. Pagination can occur in the following situations:

The client sets the maximum number of returned records to a value below the total number of records.
The service has a default maximum number of returned records that is lower than the total number of records.

When an API response is paginated, the service sends a subset of the large list of records and a pagination token that indicates that more records are available. The client includes this pagination token in a subsequent API request, and the service responds with the next subset of records. This continues until the service responds with a subset of records and no pagination token, indicating that all records have been sent.

pagination token

A marker that indicates that an API response contains a subset of a larger list of records. The client can return this marker in a subsequent API request to retrieve the next subset of records until the service responds with a subset of records and no pagination token, indicating that all records have been sent.

See also recipe.

See also recommendations.

See also recipe.

See also USER_PERSONALIZATION recipes.

precision at K (5/10/25)

Amazon Personalize: An evaluation metric that tells you how relevant your model’s recommendations are based on a sample size of K (5, 10, or 25) recommendations. Amazon Personalize calculates this metric based on the number of relevant recommendations out of the top K recommendations, divided by K, where K is 5, 10, or 25.

See also metrics.

See also recommendations.

prefix

See job prefix.

Premium Support

A one-on-one, fast-response support channel that AWS customers can subscribe to for support for AWS infrastructure services.

presigned URL

A web address that uses query string authentication.

primary key

One or two attributes that uniquely identify each item in a Amazon DynamoDB table, so that no two items can have the same key.

Q

quartile binning transformation

Amazon Machine Learning: A process that takes two inputs, a numerical variable and a parameter called a bin number, and outputs a categorical variable. Quartile binning transformations discover non-linearity in a variable’s distribution by enabling the machine learning model to learn separate importance values for parts of the numeric variable’s distribution.

Query

A type of web service that generally uses only the GET or POST HTTP method and a query string with parameters in the URL.

R

range GET

A request that specifies a byte range of data to get for a download. If an object is large, you can break up a download into smaller units by sending multiple range GET requests that each specify a different byte range to GET.raw email

A type of sendmail request with which you can specify the email headers and MIME types.

RDS

See Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS).

read replica

Amazon RDS: An active copy of another DB instance. Any updates to the data on the source DB instance are replicated to the read replica DB instance using the built-in replication feature of MySQL 5.1.

real-time predictions

Amazon Machine Learning: Synchronously generated predictions for individual data observations.

See also USER_PERSONALIZATION recipes.

See also recipe.

See also campaign.

See also solution version.

See also USER_PERSONALIZATION recipes.

See also recipe.

See also item-to-item similarities (SIMS) recipe.replacement environment

The instances in a deployment group after the CodeDeploy blue/green deployment.replica shard

See shard.

reply path

The email address to which an email reply is sent. This is different from the return path.representational state transfer

See REST.reputation

1. An Amazon SES metric, based on factors that might include bounces, complaints, and other metrics, regarding whether or not a customer is sending high-quality email.

2. A measure of confidence, as judged by an internet service provider (ISP) or other entity that an IP address that they are receiving email from is not the source of spam.requester

The person (or application) that sends a request to AWS to perform a specific action. When AWS receives a request, it first evaluates the requester’s permissions to determine whether the requester is allowed to perform the request action (if applicable, for the requested resource).

Requester Pays

An Amazon S3 feature that allows a bucket owner to specify that anyone who requests access to objects in a particular bucket must pay the data transfer and request costs.

reservation

A collection of EC2 instances started as part of the same launch request. Not to be confused with a Reserved Instance.Reserved Instance

A pricing option for EC2 instances that discounts the on-demand usage charge for instances that meet the specified parameters. Customers pay for the entire term of the instance, regardless of how they use it.

Reserved Instance Marketplace

An online exchange that matches sellers who have reserved capacity that they no longer need with buyers who are looking to purchase additional capacity. Reserved Instances that you purchase from third-party sellers have less than a full standard term remaining and can be sold at different upfront prices. The usage or reoccurring fees remain the same as the fees set when the Reserved Instances were originally purchased. Full standard terms for Reserved Instances available from AWS run for one year or three years.

resource

An entity that users can work with in AWS, such as an EC2 instance, an Amazon DynamoDB table, an Amazon S3 bucket, an IAM user, an AWS OpsWorks stack, and so on.

resource property

A value required when including an AWS resource in an AWS CloudFormation stack. Each resource may have one or more properties associated with it. For example, an AWS::EC2::Instance resource may have a UserData property. In an AWS CloudFormation template, resources must declare a properties section, even if the resource has no properties.

resource record

Also called resource record set. The fundamental information elements in the Domain Name System (DNS).

See also Domain Name System in Wikipedia.

REST

Representational state transfer. A simple stateless architecture that generally runs over HTTPS/TLS. REST emphasizes that resources have unique and hierarchical identifiers (URIs), are represented by common media types (HTML, XML, JSON, and so on), and that operations on the resources are either predefined or discoverable within the media type. In practice, this generally results in a limited number of operations.

S

See Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3).

sampling period

A defined duration of time, such as one minute, over which Amazon CloudWatch computes a statistic.sandbox

A testing location where you can test the functionality of your application without affecting production, incurring charges, or purchasing products.

Amazon SES: An environment that is designed for developers to test and evaluate the service. In the sandbox, you have full access to the Amazon SES API, but you can only send messages to verified email addresses and the mailbox simulator. To get out of the sandbox, you need to apply for production access. Accounts in the sandbox also have lower sending limits than production accounts.

scale in

To remove EC2 instances from an Auto Scaling group.

scale out

To add EC2 instances to an Auto Scaling group.

scaling policy

A description of how Auto Scaling should automatically scale an Auto Scaling group in response to changing demand.

See also recipe.

See also solution version.

See also recommendations.

solution version

Amazon Personalize: A trained model that you create as part of a solution in Amazon Personalize. You deploy a solution version in a campaign to generate recommendations.

See also campaign.

See also recommendations.

sort enabled

Amazon CloudSearch: An index field option that enables a field to be used to sort the search results.sort key

An attribute used to sort the order of partition keys in a composite primary key (also known as a range attribute).

See also eventual consistency.

T

table

A collection of data. Similar to other database systems, DynamoDB stores data in tables.

tag

Metadata that you can define and assign to AWS resources, such as an EC2 instance. Not all AWS resources can be tagged.

tagging

Tagging resources: Applying a tag to an AWS resource.

Amazon SES: Also called labeling. A way to format return path email addresses so that you can specify a different return path for each recipient of a message. Tagging enables you to support VERP. For example, if Andrew manages a mailing list, he can use the return paths andrew+recipient1@example.net and andrew+recipient2@example.net so that he can determine which email bounced.

target attribute

Amazon Machine Learning (Amazon ML ): The attribute in the input data that contains the “correct” answers. Amazon ML uses the target attribute to learn how to make predictions on new data. For example, if you were building a model for predicting the sale price of a house, the target attribute would be “target sale price in USD.”

target revision

AWS CodeDeploy: The most recent version of the application revision that has been uploaded to the repository and will be deployed to the instances in a deployment group. In other words, the application revision currently targeted for deployment. This is also the revision that will be pulled for automatic deployments.

task

An instantiation of a task definition that is running on a container instance.

task definition

The blueprint for your task. Specifies the name of the task, revisions, container definitions, and volume information.task node

An EC2 instance that runs Hadoop map and reduce tasks, but does not store data. Task nodes are managed by the master node, which assigns Hadoop tasks to nodes and monitors their status. While a job flow is running you can increase and decrease the number of task nodes. Because they don’t store data and can be added and removed from a job flow, you can use task nodes to manage the EC2 instance capacity your job flow uses, increasing capacity to handle peak loads and decreasing it later.

Task nodes only run a TaskTracker Hadoop daemon.

tebibyte (TiB)

A contraction of tera binary byte, a tebibyte is 2^40 or 1,099,511,627,776 bytes. A terabyte (TB) is 10^12 or 1,000,000,000,000 bytes. 1,024 TiB is a pebibyte (PiB).

template format version

The version of an AWS CloudFormation template design that determines the available features. If you omit the AWSTemplateFormatVersion section from your template, AWS CloudFormation assumes the most recent format version.

template validation

The process of confirming the use of JSON code in an AWS CloudFormation template. You can validate any AWS CloudFormation template using the cfn-validate-template command.

temporary security credentials

Authentication information that is provided by AWS STS when you call an STS API action. Includes an access key ID, a secret access key, a session token, and an expiration time.

throttling

The automatic restricting or slowing down of a process based on one or more limits. Examples: Amazon Kinesis Data Streams throttles operations if an application (or group of applications operating on the same stream) attempts to get data from a shard at a rate faster than the shard limit. Amazon API Gateway uses throttling to limit the steady-state request rates for a single account. Amazon SES uses throttling to reject attempts to send email that exceeds the sending limits.

time series data

Data provided as part of a metric. The time value is assumed to be when the value occurred. A metric is the fundamental concept for Amazon CloudWatch and represents a time-ordered set of data points. You publish metric data points into CloudWatch and later retrieve statistics about those data points as a time-series ordered dataset.

timestamp

A date/time string in ISO 8601 format.

TLS

See Transport Layer Security (TLS).

tokenization

The process of splitting a stream of text into separate tokens on detectable boundaries such as white space and hyphens.

topic

A communication channel to send messages and subscribe to notifications. It provides an access point for publishers and subscribers to communicate with each other.

Traffic Mirroring

An Amazon VPC feature that you can use to copy network traffic from an elastic network interface of Amazon EC2 instances, and then send it to out-of-band security and monitoring appliances for content inspection, threat monitoring, and troubleshooting.

U

unbounded

The number of potential occurrences is not limited by a set number. This value is often used when defining a data type that is a list (for example, maxOccurs="unbounded"), in WSDL.

unit

Standard measurement for the values submitted to Amazon CloudWatch as metric data. Units include seconds, percent, bytes, bits, count, bytes/second, bits/second, count/second, and none.

unlink from VPC

The process of unlinking (or detaching) an EC2-Classic instance from a ClassicLink-enabled VPC.

See also dataset.

user-personalization recipe

Amazon Personalize: An HRNN-based USER_PERSONALIZATION recipe that predicts the items that a user will interact with. The user-personalization recipe can use item exploration and impressions data to generate recommendations for new items.

See also recipe.

See also USER_PERSONALIZATION recipes.

See also impressions data.

See also recommendations.

USER_PERSONALIZATION recipes

Amazon Personalize: Recipes used to build a recommendation system that predicts the items that a user will interact with based on data provided in Interactions, Items, and Users datasets.

See also recipe.

V

validation

See template validation.

value

Instances of attributes for an item, such as cells in a spreadsheet. An attribute might have multiple values.

Tagging resources: A specific tag label that acts as a descriptor within a tag category (key). For example, you might have EC2 instance with the tag key of Owner and the tag value of Jan. You can tag an AWS resource with up to 10 key–value pairs. Not all AWS resources can be tagged.

Variable Envelope Return Path

See VERP.verification

The process of confirming that you own an email address or a domain so that you can send email from or to it.

VERP

Variable Envelope Return Path. A way in which email sending applications can match bounced email with the undeliverable address that caused the bounce by using a different return path for each recipient. VERP is typically used for mailing lists. With VERP, the recipient’s email address is embedded in the address of the return path, which is where bounced email is returned. This makes it possible to automate the processing of bounced email without having to open the bounce messages, which may vary in content.versioning

Every object in Amazon S3 has a key and a version ID. Objects with the same key, but different version IDs can be stored in the same bucket. Versioning is enabled at the bucket layer using PUT Bucket versioning.

VGW

See virtual private gateway (VGW).

virtualization

Allows multiple guest virtual machines (VM) to run on a host operating system. Guest VMs can run on one or more levels above the host hardware, depending on the type of virtualization.

W

WAM

See Amazon WorkSpaces Application Manager (Amazon WAM).

web access control list (web ACL)

AWS WAF: A set of rules that defines the conditions that AWS WAF searches for in web requests to AWS resources such as Amazon CloudFront distributions. A web access control list (web ACL) specifies whether to allow, block, or count the requests.

Web Services Description Language

See WSDL.

WSDL

Web Services Description Language. A language used to describe the actions that a web service can perform, along with the syntax of action requests and responses.

X, Y, Z

X.509 certificate

A digital document that uses the X.509 public key infrastructure (PKI) standard to verify that a public key belongs to the entity described in the certificate.

yobibyte (YiB)

A contraction of yotta binary byte, a yobibyte is 2^80 or 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 bytes. A yottabyte (YB) is 10^24 or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes.

zebibyte (ZiB)

A contraction of zetta binary byte, a zebibyte is 2^70 or 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bytes. A zettabyte (ZB) is 10^21 or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes. 1,024 ZiB is a yobibyte (YiB).

zone awareness

Amazon Elasticsearch Service (Amazon ES): A configuration that distributes nodes in a cluster across two Availability Zones in the same Region. Zone awareness helps to prevent data loss and minimizes downtime in the event of node and data center failure. If you enable zone awareness, you must have an even number of data instances in the instance count, and you also must use the Amazon Elasticsearch Service Configuration API to replicate your data for your Elasticsearch cluster.

Numbers and symbols

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X, Y, Z

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